زبان انگلیسی
پنج شنبه 16 خرداد 1392برچسب:, :: 10:24 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

We often use the past simple tense for single completed events and past states and we use the past continuous for temporary or interrupted actions. We use the past perfect tense for actions which happened before a time in the past. This unit looks at the differences between the past and the past perfect tenses and used to/would + infinitive.

(For uses of the present perfect tense for past time 3.1, 3.2. For past forms which refer to the future (future in the past) 5.3.)

2.1 PAST SIMPLE
2.1A Form
2.1B Past actions and states

2.2 PAST CONTINUOUS
2.2A Form
2.2B Actions in progress
2.2C Interrupted actions
2.2D Other uses

2.3 PAST PERFECT
2.3A Form
2.3B Actions and states before a time in the past
2.3C Sequence in the past
2.3D Unfulfilled intentions

2.4 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
2.4A Form
2.4B Uses
2.4C Contrast with other forms

2.5 USED TO/WOULD
2.5A Form and meaning
2.5B Past habits
2.5C Past states

پنج شنبه 16 خرداد 1392برچسب:, :: 10:22 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

The present simple and the present continuous tenses are the most common ways of expressing present time in English. The present simple describes things that are generally true, while the present continuous describes things that are true at the time of speaking, but which may change. This unit looks at the present time uses of these two tenses. They can also express future time (Unit 4) and past time (1.1E, 1.2E).

1.1 PRESENT SIMPLE
1.1A Form
1.1B General truths and facts
1.1C Repeated events/actions
1.1D Series of events/actions
1.1E Other uses

1.2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1.2A Form
1.2B Things which are true now
1.2C Repeated events
1.2D Series of events
1.2E Other uses

1.3 VERBS RARELY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS
1.3A Verbs of believing, having, liking, etc.
1.3B Using these verbs in the continuous
1.3C Sense verbs
1.3D Performative verbs

دو شنبه 13 خرداد 1392برچسب:, :: 9:44 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

I asked god to take away my habit
God said no it is not for me to take away,but for you to give it up

از خدا خواستم عادت های زشت را ترکم بدهد.
خدافرمود:خودت باید آن ها را رها کنی.




ادامه مطلب ...
دو شنبه 13 خرداد 1392برچسب:, :: 9:37 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

 

 

 Food named after people

Alfredo di Lelio lovingly invented a dish for his wife in his restaurant in 1914. The dish became famous as Fettuccine Alfredo. Famous chef Auguste Escoffier named Peach Melba and Melba toast after opera singer Nellie Melba. Even the all-important but humble breakfast can now be had as Eggs Benedict XVI, named after the, well, famous Pope. Go ahead, have a serving of these delicious didyouknow titbits...

 

 

   A

 

 

·         Fillet of Beef Prince AlbertQueen Victoria's Consort Prince Albert (1819–1861), also has an English white sauce, the Prince Albert Pea, and Prince Albert apple named for him, and probably Albert Pudding.

·         Chicken à la d'Albufera – Louis-Gabriel Suchet (1770–1826), one of Napoleon's generals and marshal of France for a time, was named duc d'Albufera after a lake near Valencia, Spain, to mark his victory there during the Peninsular War. Famed 19th-century French chef Marie-Antoine Carême (Antonin Carême) created several dishes in the duke's honor, including duck, beef, and the sauce that accompanies this chicken.

 

 

·         Fettuccine Alfredo – Alfredo di Lelio, an early-20th century Italian chef who invented the dish for his wife in 1914–1920 at his Roman restaurant. The dish became famous in part because Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks touted it after their 1927 visit to Rome. The authentic Alfredo recipe contains only several butters, no cream sauce.

 

 

·         Alexandertorte – possibly Alexander I, the gourmet Russian tzar who employed Antonin Carême. Finland claims the creation, allegedly by Swiss pastry chefs in Helsinki in 1818, in anticipation of the tzar's visit there.

·         Lobster Duke Alexis – the Russian Grand-Duke Alexis (future Alexander III) (1845–1894) made a highly-publicized visit to the U.S. in 1871. A dinner for him at Delmonico's featured this, and was kept on the menu by chef Charles Ranhofer.

 

 

·         Gâteau Alexandra – like her husband Edward VII, Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925) was honored by an assortment of foods named after her when she was Princess of Wales and Queen. Besides this chocolate cake, there is consommé Alexandra, soup, sole, chicken quail, and various meat dishes.

 

 

·         Consommé Princess Alice – this consommé with artichoke hearts and lettuce is named for Princess Alice (1883–1981), one of Queen Victoria's granddaughters.

 

 

·         Amundsen's Dessert – Roald Amundsen (1872–1928), the great Norwegian polar explorer, was served this dish by Norwegian-American friends in Wisconsin not long before he died in an Arctic plane crash.

 

 

·         Anna potatoes – the casserole of sliced potatoes cooked in butter was created and named by French chef Adolf Dugléré for the well-known 19th-century courtesan/actress Anna Deslions, who frequented Dugléré's Café Anglais. "Potatoes Annette" is a version of Potatoes Anna, with the potatoes julienned instead of in rounds.

 

 

·         Oreiller de la Belle Aurore – Claudine-Aurore Récamier, the mother of Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, has a lobster dish named after her, but it is this elaborate game pie which was one of her son's favorite dishes. The large square pie contains a variety of game birds and their livers, veal, pork, truffles, aspic, and much else, in puff pastry.

·         Château-Ausone red Bordeaux wine – Ausonius (310-395 A.D.), the poet employed by Valentinian I to tutor the Roman emperor's son, retired to the Bordeaux region and wrote about oyster farming. The wine named after him is said to be made of grapes grown on the site of his villa.

 

 

B

 

 

·         Baldwin apple – Colonel Loammi Baldwin (1745–1807), a commander of militia at the Battle of Lexington, found this apple between 1784 and 1793 while working as a surveyor and engineer on the Middlesex Canal in Massachusetts.

 

 

·         Chicken Cardinal la Balue – Cardinal Jean la Balue (1421–1491), a somewhat notorious minister to Louis XI, is remembered in this dish of chicken, crayfish, and mashed potatoes.

 

 

·         Bartlett pear – accidentally (?) renamed English Williams pear by Massachusetts nurseryman Enoch Bartlett, early 19th century. Williams was a 17th-century English horticulturist.

·         Battenburg cake – probably named after one of the late-19th century princely Battenberg family living in England, who gave up their German titles during World War I and changed their name to Mountbatten.

 

 



ادامه مطلب ...
دو شنبه 13 خرداد 1392برچسب:, :: 9:34 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

The best cosmetic for lips is truth

زیباترین آرایش برای لبان شما راستگویی

for voice is pray

برای صدای شما دعا به درگاه خداوند

for eyes is pity

برای چشمان شما رحم و شفقت

for hands is charity

برای دستان شما بخشش

for heart is love

برای قلب شما عشق

and for life is friendship

و برای زندگی شما دوستی هاست  

No one can go back and make a new start

هیچ کس نمیتونه به عقب برگرده و همه چیز را از نو شروع کنه

Anyone can start from now and make a brand new  ending

ولی هر کسی میتونه از همین حالا عاقبت خوب و جدیدی را برای خودش رقم بزنه

 

God didn't promise days without pain

خداوند هیچ تضمین و قولی مبنی بر این که حتما روزهای ما بدون غم بگذره

laughter without sorrow , sun without rain,

خنده باشه بدون هیچ غصه ای، یا خورشید باشه بدون هیچ بارونی، نداده

but He did promise strength for the day, comfort for the tears

ولی یه قول رو به ما داده که اگه استقامت داشته باشیم در مقابل مشکلات،

تحمل سختی ها رو برامون آسون میکنه

and light for the way

و چراغ راهمون میشه

 

Disappointments are like road bumps, they slow  you down a bit

نا امیدی ها مثل دست اندازهای یک جاده میمونن

ممکنه باعث کم شدن سرعتت در زندگی بشن

but you enjoy the smooth road afterwards

ولی در عوض بعدش از یه جاده صاف و بدون دست انداز بیشتر لذت خواهی برد

Don't stay on the bumps too long

بنابر این روی دست اندازها و ناهمواریها خیلی توقف نکن

Move on

به راهت ادامه بده

 

When you feel down because you didn't get what  you want just sit tight

and be happy

وقتی احساس شکست میکنی که نتونستی به اون چیزی که می خواستی برسی

ناراحت نشو

because God has thought of something better to  give you

حتما خداوند صلاح تو رو در این دونسته و برات آینده بهتری رو رقم زده

 

When something happens to you ,good or bad, وقتی یه اتفاق خوب یا بد برات میافته همیشه

consider what it means

دنبال این باش که این چه معنی و حکمتی درش نهفته هست

 

There's a purpose to life's events

برای هر اتفاق زندگی دلیلی وجود دارد

to teach you how to laugh more or not to cry too  hard

که به تو میآموزد که چگونه بیشتر شاد زندگی کنی و کمتر غصه بخوری

 

You can't make someone love you

تو نمیتونی کسی رو مجبور کنی که تو رو دوست داشته باشه

all you can do is be someone who can be loved

تمام اون کاری که میتونی انجام بدی

اینه که تبدیل به آدمی بشی که لایق دوست داشتن هست

the rest is up to the person to realize your worth

و عاقبت کسی پیدا خواهد شد که قدر تو رو بدونه

 

It's better to lose your pride to the one you love

بهتره که غرورت رو به خاطر کسی که دوست داری از دست بدی تا این که

than to lose the one you love because of pride

کسی رو که دوست داری به خاطر غرورت از دست بدی

 

We spend too much time looking for the right  person to love

ما معمولا زمان زیادی رو صرف پیدا کردن آدم مناسبی برای دوست داشتن

or finding fault with those we already love

یا پیدا کردن عیب و ایراد کسی که قبلا دوستش داشتیم میکنیم

when instead

باید به جای این کار

we should be perfecting the love we give

در عشقی که داریم ابراز میکنیم کامل باشیم

 

Never abandon an old friend

هیچوقت یه دوست قدیمیت رو ترک نکن

You will never find one who can take their place

چون هیچ زمانی کسی جای اون رو نخواهد گرفت

Friendship is like wine

دوستی مثل شراب میمونه

 older it gets better as it grows

که هر چی کهنه تر بشه ارزشش بیشتر میشه

 

When people talk behind your back, what does it  mean?

وقتی مردم پشت سرت حرف میزنن چه مفهومی داره ؟

Simple ! It means that you are two steps ahead of them

خیلی ساده ! یعنی این که تو دو قدم از اون ها جلوتری

So, keep moving ahead in Life


چهار شنبه 21 فروردين 1392برچسب:, :: 11:12 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

اصطلاح چیست؟

اصطلاح عبارتی است که معتای کلی آن با معنای تک تک واژه های آن تفاوت دارد. وقتی می گوئید "Your name rings  a bell"  منظورتان این است که اسم شما برام اشنا هست در حالی که ترجمه واژه به واژه عبارت این است که "اسم تان زنگی به صدا در می آورد" بنابراین حتی اگر معنای تک تک واژه های اصطلاحی را بدانید شاید نتوانید معنای آنرا در کنید. پس باید هر اصطلاح را با معنای اصطلاحی آن یاد گرفت.


چرا اصطلاح باید یاد بگیریم؟

اصطلاح چیزی تجملی یا زائید نیست که بتوان به دلخواه آنرا یاد گرفت یا یاد نگرفت. اصطلاحات هر زبان بخش جدائی ناپذیر آن است. تعداد اصطلاحات رایج هر زبان اغلب به چندین هزار بالغ می شود. لذا برای کسی که می خواهد زبان انگلیسی به خصوص برای کسی که بیشتر در صدد تقویت مهارت گفتاری و محاوره ای است آموختن اصطلاحات رایج انگلیسی ضروری است.

 


 

فایده استفاده از اصطلاح چیست؟

انگلیسی زبان ها در مکالمات و ارتباطات روزانه خود از اصطلاحات فراوانی استفاده میکنند. اگر فیلم های انگلیسی را تماشا کنید خواهید دید که اصطلاحات رایج انگلیسی مرتبا مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. کسی که انگلیسی بداند اما اصطلاح استفاده نکند ممکن است خشک و جدی و رسمی و بنابراین تا اندازه ای غیر صمیمی به نطر بیاید. به همین دلیل اصطلاحات در ایجاد جوی دوستانه و خوشایند اهمیت دارند.

 

 

در انگلیسی نوشتاری یا در موقعیت های رسمی تر کمتر از اصطلاح استفاده می شود اما حتی در این موقعیت ها نیز برای ایجاد جوی دوستانه و صمیمی اط اصطلاح استفاده می شود. کاربر اصطلاحات باعث می شود که برخوردهای ادای و کاری خشک و سرد جلوه ندهد.

سه شنبه 8 اسفند 1391برچسب:, :: 11:8 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

No man is worth your tears, and when you find the man who is, he’ll never make you cry.

هیچ مردی ارزش اشکهایت را ندارد و اگر روزی مردی را پیدا کردی  که ارزش اشکهایت را داشت، او هیچوقت باعث اشک ریختنت نمی شود

Anonymous

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .





ادامه مطلب ...
دو شنبه 7 اسفند 1387برچسب:, :: 19:3 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah
سه شنبه 25 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 8:53 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah
سه شنبه 25 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 8:47 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

Complements are words that come after linking verbs and modify nouns. The most common noun complements are adjectives and nouns, but can be many other parts of speech as well.

TestMagic uses the term noun complement more liberally than do some other grammar resources; doing so will make grammar explanations for tests much, much easier and faster.

 

Examples of complements

All the highlighted words or phrases below are complements.

My sister is a doctor.

Tomomi is happy.

The book is on the table.

Carl is here.

We should try to remain calm.

The test proved to be more difficult than we had imagined.

I consider you a friend.

Megumi called her ex-boyfriend a philistine.

شنبه 22 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 22:21 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

A. Adverb clauses show relationships such as time, cause and effect, contrast, and condition. (See Conditional Sentences for more information on this type of adverb clause.)


B. A sentence which contains one adverb clause and one independent clause is the result of combining two clauses which have one of the relationships above. You can combine two independent clauses to make one sentence which contains an adverb clause by following these steps:

1. You must have two clauses which have one of the relationships in A above:

 

Billy couldn’t swim.

 

He jumped off the pier. (contrast)

2. Add a subordinating conjunction to the beginning of the clause you want to make dependent:

 

Although Billy couldn’t swim

 

He jumped off the pier.

3. Place the two clauses next to each other. Usually, the order of the clauses is not important. When the adverb clause precedes the independent clause, the two clauses are usually separated by a comma:

 

Although Billy couldn’t swim, he jumped off the pier.

When the independent clause precedes the adverb clause, there is usually no comma:

 

Billy jumped off the pier although he couldn’t swim.

C. The subordinators in adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunctions. They cannot be omitted. They cannot be subjects. Here are some of the subordinating conjunctions:

 

Time: after, before, when, while, as, by the time, whenever, since, until, as soon as, once, as long as

 

Cause and effect: because, since, now that, as, as long as, inasmuch as, so (that), in order that

 

Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas, while

 

Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that), provided (that), in case, in the event (that). See Conditional Sentences.

D. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one adverb clause (underlined) and one independent clause. The two sentences in each pair have the same meaning:

 

After he took lessons, George could swim well.

 

George could swim well after he took lessons.

 

 

 

Because he couldn’t swim, Billy drowned.

 

Billy drowned because he couldn’t swim.

 

 

 

Although he isn’t interested in food, Fred works as a cook.

 

Fred works as a cook although he isn’t interested in food.

 

 

 

If you want to write well, you must practice.

 

You must practice if you want to write well.


شنبه 22 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 22:15 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

A. Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do: they modify nouns.

 

The teacher has a car. (Car is a noun.)

 

It’s a new car. (New is an adjective which modifies car.)

 

The car that she is driving is not hers.

 

(That she is driving is an adjective clause which modifies car. It’s a clause because it has a subject (she) and a predicate (is driving); it’s an adjective clause because it modifies a noun.)

 

Note that adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify; adjective clauses always follow the nouns they modify.

B. A sentence which contains one adjective clause and one independent clause is the result of combining two clauses which contain a repeated noun. You can combine two independent clauses to make one sentence containing an adjective clause by following these steps:

1. You must have two clauses which contain a repeated noun (or pronoun, or noun and pronoun which refer to the same thing). Here are two examples:

 

The book is on the table. + I like the book.

 

The man is here. + The man wants the book.

2. Delete the repeated noun and replace it with a relative pronoun in the clause you want to make dependent. See C. below for information on relative pronouns.

 

The book is on the table. + I like which

 

The man is here. + who wants the book

3. Move the relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it is not already there). The clause is now an adjective clause.

 

The book is on the table. + which I like

 

The man is here. + who wants the book

4. Put the adjective clause immediately after the noun phrase it modifies (the repeated noun):

 

The book which I like is on the table.

 

The man who wants the book is here.

C. The subordinators in adjective clauses are called relative pronouns.

1. These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which.

These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects of verbs. When they are objects of prepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition.

WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. In informal writing (but not in academic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb.

WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or preposition. It cannot be the subject of a verb.

WHICH replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition.

THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition (but that cannot follow a preposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that can follow a preposition).

2. The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where.

WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns (see WF11 and pro in Correction Symbols Two). It can refer to people, animals or things. It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object. Whose cannot be omitted. Here are examples with whose:

 

The man is happy. + I found the man’s wallet. =

 

The man whose wallet I found is happy.

 

The girl is excited. + Her mother won the lottery. =

 

The girl whose mother won the lottery is excited.

WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted. Here is an example with when:

 

I will never forget the day. + I graduated on that day.=

 

I will never forget the day when I graduated.

The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

 

I will never forget the day on which I graduated.

 

I will never forget the day that I graduated.

 

I will never forget the day I graduated.

WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in + city, at + school,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added. Here is an example with where:

 

The building is new. + He works in the building. =

 

The building where he works is new.

The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

 

The building in which he works is new.

 

The building which he works in is new.

 

The building that he works in is new.

 

The building he works in is new.

D. Adjective clauses can be restrictive or nonrestrictive.

1. A restrictive adjective clause contains information that is necessary to identify the noun it modifies. If a restrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause changes. A restrictive adjective clause is not separated from the main clause by a comma or commas. Most adjective clauses are restrictive; all of the examples of adjective clauses above are restrictive. Here is another example:

 

People who can’t swim should not jump into the ocean.

2. A nonrestrictive adjective clause gives additional information about the noun it modifies but is not necessary to identify that noun. If a nonrestrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause does not change. A nonrestrictive adjective clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or commas. The relative pronoun that cannot be used in nonrestrictive adjective clauses. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted from a nonrestrictive clause. Here is an example:

 

Billy, who couldn’t swim, should not have jumped into the ocean.

E. Adjective clauses can often be reduced to phrases. The relative pronoun (RP) must be the subject of the verb in the adjective clause. Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases in two different ways depending on the verb in the adjective clause.

1. RP + BE = 0

 

People who are living in glass houses should not throw stones. (clause)

 

People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)

 

Mary applied for a job that was advertised in the paper. (clause)

 

Mary applied for a job advertised in the paper. (phrase)

2. RP + OTHER VERB (not BE) = OTHER VERB + ing

 

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.(clause)

 

People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)

 

Students who sit in the front row usually participate more. (clause)

 

Students sitting in the front row usually participate more. (phrase)


شنبه 22 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 22:6 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:

A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:

 

What Billy did shocked his friends.

A noun clause can be an object of a verb:

 

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

A noun clause can be a subject complement:

 

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:

 

Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

 

Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

 

B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:

To change a statement to a noun clause use that:

 

I know + Billy made a mistake =

 

I know that Billy made a mistake.

To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:

 

George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =

 

George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.

To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:

 

I don’t know + Where is George? =

 

I don’t know where George is.

C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:

 

that

 

if, whether

 

Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

 

Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever

D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:

correct:

 

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

correct:

 

Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.

correct:

 

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

correct:

 

Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.

correct:

 

That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

not correct:

 

* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:

not correct:

 

* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)

correct:

 

Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)

not correct:

 

* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)

correct:

 

Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)

F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:

 

future if its action/state is later

 

He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.

 

He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.

 

present if its action/state is at the same time

 

He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.

 

past if its action/state is earlier

 

He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:

 

was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later

 

He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.

 

He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.

 

past if its action/state is at the same time

 

He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.

 

past perfect if its action/state is earlier

 

He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.

If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.

 

The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.

If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.

 

We learned that English is not easy.

 

The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.

G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:

Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:

 

That George learned how to swim is a miracle.

 

Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.

 

What Mary said confused her parents.

 

However you learn to spell is OK with me.

Noun clauses as objects of verbs:

 

We didn’t know that Billy would jump.

 

We didn’t know Billy would jump.

 

Can you tell me if Fred is here?

 

I don’t know where he is.

 

George eats whatever is on his plate.

Noun clauses as subject complements:

 

The truth is that Billy was not very smart.

 

The truth is Billy was not very smart.

 

The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.

 

The winner will be whoever runs fastest.

Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:

 

Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.

 

He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

Noun clauses as adjective complements:

 

He is happy that he is learning English.

 

We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.


پنج شنبه 20 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 17:32 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

 

آيلتس چيست؟What is IELTS?                                                                                                     

    آزمون آیلتس (IELTS= International English Language Testing System) جهت سنجش میزان آمادگی داوطلبان برای ادامه تحصیل، فراگیـری مهارتهـای تخصصـی و یـا کار و اقامـت در کشـورهـای انگلیسی زبان طراحی شـده است. ایـن آزمون مشترکاً تـوسط دانشگاه کمبریج، کنسول بریتانیـا (British Council) و مرکز IDP استرالیا در بیش از 500 مرکز در 120 کشور جهان برگزار می‌شود و سالانه چیزی حدود یک و نیم میلیون نفر در آن شرکت می‌کنند. نتایج این آزمون در کشورهای مشترک المنافع انگلستان و بسیاری دانشگاه های انگلیسی زبان در اروپا و ایالات متحده معتبر است.

       

    این آزمون در دو نوع مختلف موجود می‌باشد: آکادمیک (Academic) و عمومی (General Training).

افرادی که قصد تکمیل تحصیلات خود در دانشگاههای انگلیسی زبان را دارند (کارشناسی به بالا) باید از نوع آکادمیک این آزمون، و افرادی که به منظور گذراندن دوره‌های کوتاه‌مدت فنی و حرفه‌ای، اخذ دیپلم، کار و یا اقامت قصد سفـر به کشورهـای انگلیسی زبان را دارند، می‌توانند از نوع عمومی این آزمون استفاده کنند.البته ناگفته نماند که افرادی که دارای نوع آکادمیک آیلتس باشند می توانند از امتیازات مربوط به نوع عمومی آن استفاده کنند.
 

نحوه برگزاری آزمون آیلتس

 

    داوطلبان در چهار مهارت Listening، Reading، Writing، و Speaking مورد امتحان قرار می گیرند. همه داوطلبان (هم Academic .و هم General Training) در یک امتحان Listening و Speaking مشترک شرکت می کنند. ولی Reading و Writing آزمون آِیلتس آکادمیک با آزمون آیلتس عمومی  متفاوت است. سوالات به گونه ای طرح شده اند که تمامی رتبه ها را از داوطلب مبتدی تا داوطلب حرفه ای تحت پوشش قرار داده است. سه مهارت از چهار مهارت یعنی Listening، Reading، و Writing در یک روز مورد امتحان قرار می گیرند، و در بین آن هیچ زمان استراحتی وجود ندارد. ولی امتحان Speaking طبق اعلان قبلی معمولا یک هفته قبل و یا یک هفته بعد از امتحان برگزار می شود.

جدول زیر مدت زمان تخصیص یافته به بخش‌های مختلف این آزمون را نشان می‌دهد:
 



نمره قبولی

    در آزمون آیلتس هیچ حد نصابی برای قبولی وجود ندارد، بلکه مؤسسات و دانشگاههای مختلف حد نصاب مورد قبول خود را دارند. اما بطور کلی 9 نمره یا band در نظر گرفته شده است که در آن نمره 9 عالی، نمره 7 خوب، نمره 5 متوسط و نمره 3 به پایین ضعیف محسوب می‌شود.(اکثر دانشگاهها نمره آکادمیک 6 به بالا را می خواهند و اکثر کشورها از متقاضی مهاجرت نمره عمومی 6 به بالا رامی خواهند.ولی همانطور که در بالا ذکر شد شما اگر هنوز دو دل هستید که آیلتس را برای ادامه تحصیل می خواهید یا برای مهاجرت ،به شما دوست عزیز پیشنهاد می شود که آیلتس نوع آکادمیک را امتحان بدهید،در اینصورت قادر خواهید بود از امتیازات آیلتس ‍عمومي نیز بهره مند شوید.)

 

درآزمون  IELTS نمره منفی وجود ندارند.

       

    نتیجه تک تک مهارتها جداگانه اعلام می شود. و همچنین میانگین تمامی نتیجه ها، امتیاز نهایی داوطلب خواهد بود. همچنین تمامی نتیجه های امتحان رو به بالا گرد می شود. منظور این است که از قانون کلی گرد کردن در ریاضی تبعیت می کند به عنوان مثال اگر داوطلبی نمره 7.25 را کسب کند به نمره 7.5 گرد می شود ولی اگر داوطلبی نمره 7.1 را کسب کند به نمره 7 گرد خواهد شد.

لازم به ذکر است که نمره امتحان ایلتس فقط تا دو سال معتبر میباشد.

در زیر band های مختلف این آزمون بیان شده است:

 4  Limited user

 3  Extremely limited user

 2  Intermittent user

 1  Non user

 0  Did not attempt the test

 

 9  Expert user

 8  Very good user

 7  Good user

 6  Competent user

 5  Modest user

 


چهار شنبه 19 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 12:40 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

A long time ago, a girl named Li-Li got married and went to live with her husband and mother-in-law. In a very short time, Li-Li found that she couldn't get along with her mother-in-law at all. Their personalities were very different, and Li-Li was angered by many of her mother-in-law's habits. In addition, she criticized Li-Li constantly. Days passed. The days turned into weeks. Li-Li and her mother-in-law never stopped arguing and fighting. What made the situation worse was that according to ancient Chinese tradition, Li-Li had to bow to her mother-in-law and obey her every wish.

All the anger and unhappiness in the house caused the poor husband great distress. Finally, Li-Li could not stand her mother-in-law's bad temper and dictatorship any longer. She decided to do something about it.

Li-Li went to see her father's good friend, Mr. Huang, who sold herbs. She told him about the situation and asked if he would give her some poison so that she could solve the problem for once and for all.
Mr. Huang thought for a while and finally said, “Li-Li, I will help you solve your problem, but you must listen to me and obey what I tell you.”
Li-Li said, "Yes, Mr. Huang, I will do whatever you tell me to do."

Mr. Huang went into the back room and returned with a package of herbs after a few minutes.
He told Li-Li, "You can't use a quick-acting poison to get rid of your mother-in-law because that would cause people to become suspicious. Therefore, I have given you a number of herbs that will slowly build up poison in her body. Every other day, prepare some pork or chicken and put a little of these herbs in her serving. Now, in order to make sure that nobody suspects you when she dies, you must be very careful to act very friendly towards her. Don't argue with her, obey her every wish, and treat her like a queen."

Li-Li was so happy. She thanked Mr. Huang and hurried home to carry out her plot of murdering her mother-in-law. Weeks and months went by. Li-Li would serve the specially treated food to her mother-in-law every other day. She remembered what Mr. Huang had said about avoiding suspicion so she controlled her temper, obeyed her mother-in-law and treated her like her own mother. After six months, the situation in the whole household had changed. Li-Li managed to control her temper so much that she almost never got mad or upset at her mother-in-law anymore. She hadn't had an argument with her mother-in-law in six months, who seemed much kinder and easier to get along with. The mother-in-law's attitude toward Li-Li had also changed and she began to love Li-Li like her own daughter. She kept telling friends and relatives that Li-Li was the best daughter-in-law one could ever find. Li-Li and her mother-in-law treated each other like a real mother and daughter. Li-Li's husband was very happy to see what was happening.

 

One day, Li-Li went to Mr. Huang and asked for his help again.
She said, "Dear Mr Huang, please help me to prevent the poison from killing my mother-in-law! She has changed into such a nice woman and I love her like my own mother. I do not want her to die because of the poison I gave her."
Mr. Huang smiled and nodded his head.
"Li-Li, there's nothing to worry about. I never gave you any poison. The herbs I gave you were vitamins to improve her health. The only poison was in your mind and your attitude toward her, but that has all been washed away by the love which you gave to her."

چهار شنبه 19 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 12:38 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

Lisa gazed out over the Caribbean Sea, feeling the faint breeze against her face - eyes shut, the white sand warm between her bare toes. The place was beautiful beyond belief, but it was still unable to ease the grief she felt as she remembered the last time she had been here.

     She had married James right here on this spot three years ago to the day. Dressed in a simple white shift dress, miniature white roses attempting to tame her long dark curls, Lisa had been happier than she had ever thought possible. James was even less formal but utterly irresistible in creased summer trousers and a loose white cotton shirt. His dark hair slightly ruffled and his eyes full of adoration as his looked at his bride to be. The justice of the peace had read their vows as they held hands and laughed at the sheer joy of being young, in love and staying in a five star resort on the Caribbean island of the Dominican Republic. They had seen the years blissfully stretching ahead of them, together forever. They planned their children, two she said, he said four so they compromised on three (two girls and a boy of course); where they would live, the travelling they would do together - it was all certain, so they had thought then.

     But that seemed such a long time ago now. A lot can change in just a few years - a lot of heartache can change a person and drive a wedge through the strongest ties, break even the deepest love. Three years to the day and they had returned, though this time not for the beachside marriages the island was famous for but for one of its equally popular quickie divorces.

     Lisa let out a sigh that was filled with pain and regret. What could she do but move on, find a new life and new dreams? - the old one was beyond repair. How could this beautiful place, with its lush green coastline, eternity of azure blue sea and endless sands be a place for the agony she felt now?

     The man stood watching from the edge of the palm trees. He couldn't take his eyes of the dark-haired woman he saw standing at the water's edge, gazing out to sea as though she was waiting for something - or someone. She was beautiful, with her slim figure dressed in a loose flowing cotton dress, her crazy hair and bright blue eyes not far off the colour of the sea itself. It wasn't her looks that attracted him though; he came across many beautiful women in his work as a freelance photographer. It was her loneliness and intensity that lured him. Even at some distance he was aware that she was different from any other woman he could meet.

     Lisa sensed the man approaching even before she turned around. She had been aware of him standing there staring at her and had felt strangely calm about being observed. She looked at him and felt the instant spark of connection she had only experienced once before. He walked slowly towards her and they held each other's gaze. It felt like meeting a long lost friend - not a stranger on a strange beach.

     Later, sitting at one of the many bars on the resort, sipping the local cocktails they began to talk. First pleasantries, their hotels, the quality of the food and friendliness of the locals. Their conversation was strangely hesitant considering the naturalness and confidence of their earlier meeting. Onlookers, however, would have detected the subtle flirtation as they mirrored each other's actions and spoke directly into each other's eyes. Only later, after the alcohol had had its loosening effect, did the conversation deepen. They talked of why they were here and finally, against her judgement, Lisa opened up about her heartache of the past year and how events had led her back to the place where she had married the only man she believed she could ever love. She told him of things that had been locked deep inside her, able to tell no one. She told him how she had felt after she had lost her baby.

     She was six months pregnant and the happiest she had ever been when the pains had started. She was staying with her mother as James was working out of town. He hadn't made it back in time. The doctor had said it was just one of those things, that they could try again. But how could she when she couldn't even look James in the eye. She hated him then, for not being there, for not hurting as much as her but most of all for looking so much like the tiny baby boy that she held for just three hours before the took him away. All through the following months she had withdrawn from her husband, family, friends. Not wanting to recover form the pain she felt - that would have been a betrayal of her son. At the funeral she had refused to stand next to her husband and the next day she had left him.

     Looking up, Lisa could see her pain reflected in the man's eyes. For the first time in months she didn't feel alone, she felt the unbearable burden begin to lift from her, only a bit but it was a start. She began to believe that maybe she had a future after all and maybe it could be with this man, with his kind hazel eyes, wet with their shared tears.

     They had come here to dissolve their marriage but maybe there was hope. Lisa stood up and took James by the hand and led him away from the bar towards the beech where they had made their vows to each other three years ago. Tomorrow she would cancel the divorce; tonight they would work on renewing their promises.

چهار شنبه 19 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 9:16 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

ول کردن-دست برداشتن                                                               Give up

 

کاری را به سرانجام رساندن Go through with something                                     

پشتکار داشتن Hang in there                                                                                

به کاری دل بستن(چسبیدن)Stick with something                                                   

دل شوره داشتنsweat something out                                                                    

دوری کردن ازکاریکه رضایت نداریمTo duck the issue                                         

تن در دادن به کاریFace up to something                                                            

تک وتنها،دست تنها رهاکردنLeave someone high and dry                                 

 

به گردن دیگری انداختن pass the buck                                                                   

به گردن دیگری انداختن  Point one's finger at someone                                      

به گردن گرفتن مسئولیت  Shoulder the responsibility                                        

از زیرکاردررفتن،شانه خالی کردنWorm out of something                                    

فوت آب بودنBe abreeze                                                                                    

دست وپاچلفتی   Be all thumbs                                                                             

مثل آب خوردنBe easy as a pie                                                                            

پنجه طلایی  Have a golden touch                                                                      

دستش خوبهHave a green thumb                                                                          

قلق کاری را در دست داشتنHave aknack for something                                      

شم کاری را داشتن Have nose for something                                                       

دست وپاچلفتیHave two left feet                                                                         

تا بوق سگ مطالعه کردنBurn the midnight oil                                                    

 

 

دو شنبه 17 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 18:42 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

 

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Use present factual conditional sentences to talk about general truths and scientific facts.
Ex: If it's noon in Taipei, it's 2:00 P.M. in Brisbane.
Ex: If air expands, it becomes lighter.

2. You can also use present factual conditional sentences to talk about habits and recurring events (things that happen again and again).
Ex: If Jamie flies, he orders a special meal.
Ex: If John is traveling far, he always flies.

3. You can also use modals in the result clause.
Ex: If you practice your Japanese everyday, you can improve quickly.
Ex: You might learn more if you listen to Japanese tapes.

4. Use the imperative in the result clause to give instructions, commands, and invitations that depend on a certain condition.
Ex: If you come to Melbourne, stay with us.

5. You can begin conditional sentences with the "if" clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same.
Ex: "If the light goes on, fasten your seat belt." OR "Fasten your seat belt if the light goes on."

 

 

 

 

Unreal conditional sentence present

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Use present unreal conditional sentences to talk about unreal, untrue, imagined, or impossible conditions and their results.

 

Ex. If Grace had more time, she would travel. (But Grace doesn't have time, so she doesn't travel.)

 

2. Use the simple past tense in the if clause. Use would + base form of the verb in the result clause.

 

Ex. If Eric knew the answer, he would tell you.

 

3. You can use a modal in the result clause.

 

Ex. If Alisa had time, she could read more.

 

4. You can begin conditional sentences with the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same.

 

Ex. Jack would more if he had more money.

 

5. Statements beginning with if I were you, ... are often used to give advice.

 

Ex. If I were you, I'd travel to many countries.

یک شنبه 16 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 13:9 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

زمون جی آر ای یا همان GRE مخفف عبارت Graduate Records Examination می باشد. همان طور که از نام این آزمون مشخص می باشد، هدف آن سنجش توانایی ها و معلومات فارغ التحصیلان می باشد. این آزمون معمولا برای ورود به مقاطع تحصیلی بالاتر از کارشناسی مورد نیاز می باشد. دانشگاه های آمریکایی و کانادایی معمولا داشتن نمره بالا در این آزمون را یکی از شرایط ادامه تحصیل قرار می دهند زیرا آنها معتقدند که دانشجویان علاوه بر یاد گرفتن مطالب علمی و تخصصی بایستی در زمینه سیاسی، قدرت استنتاج و درک متون عمومی دشوار را کسب کرده باشند.

این آزمون در دو سطح General و Subject برگزار می شود که دارای 3 قسمت درک زبانی (verbal)، کمی (quantative)و قسمت تحلیلی (analytic) می باشد. در قسمت زبانی معمولا متضاد و مترادف کلمات دشوار پرسیده می شود و در واقع فقط بستگی به میزان لغات دانشجو توجه می کند. لغات پرسیده شده واقعا دشوار هستند و برای اکثر دانشجویان نا آشنا. در قسمت کمی سوالات ریاضی نسبتا ساده ای پرسیده می شود تا توانایی های ابتدایی فرد مورد سنجش قرار گیرد. قسمت تحلیلی هم در مورد تحلیل یک موضوع بحث بر انگیز می باشد و به صورت نوشتاری می باشد. یعنی از فرد خواسته می شود تا در مورد موضوع مشخصی متنی نوشته شود و تحلیلهای شخصی بیان گردد.

این آزمون فعلا در 3 مرکز سازمان سنجش، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان و ارومیه برگزار می گردد. لازم به ذکر است که این آزمون در ایران فعلا فقط به صورت pBT برگزار می گردد و بر اساس قانون ets در هر کشوری که آزمون iBT برگزار می گردد دیگر آزمون به صورت pBT برگزار نمی گردد. در ضمن آزمون Subject فقط به صورت pBT برگزار می گردد درحالیکه آزمون General هم به صورت pBT  و هم به صورت iBT برگزار می گردد. 

یک شنبه 16 مهر 1391برچسب:, :: 11:50 :: نويسنده : sanaz heidarpanah

مقدمه

امروزه "کسی که توان خواندن و نوشتن را دارد." پاسخ مناسبی برای سؤال "فرد باسواد کیست؟" نمی باشد. دنیای با شتاب و با تحرک رو به پیش امروز که در آن بسیاری از مفاهیم، متحول شده و گاه تا مرز کاملی نیز پیش رفته است معنی سواد را نیز تغییر داده است.

زبان انگلیسی

 کشورهای توسعه یافته صنعتی و برخی از کشورهای در حال توسعه دانستن یک یا دو زبان خارجی را به عنوان یکی از مؤلفه های با سوادی می داند بعضی ها بر این باورند که در دهکده جهانی امروز کسانی می توانند نقشهای مؤثری برعهده بگیرند که از ابزار ارتباط با دیگران یعنی زبان، بهره کافی برده باشند؛ از رهگذر چیزهایی که گفته شد کارشناسان زبان خارجی به مثابه پل ارتباطی میان فرهنگها و تمدنهای مختلف عمل می کنند و این پدیده برای کشورهایی همچون ایران که از آبشخور تمدن و فرهنگ قرون، سیراب می شوند از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار است.

معرفی و کاربرد

رشته زبان انگلیسی در دانشگاه‌های ایران رشته‌ای است جذاب، چالش انگیز و لذت بخش. این رشته فرصت‌های جالبی برای مطالعه طیف وسیعی از آثار ادبی، نقد ادبی و گونه‌های ادبی به زبان انگلیسی از سراسر جهان را برای دانشجویان لیسانس و تحصیلات تکمیلی فراهم می‌آورد. دانشجویانی که در این رشته تحصیل می‌کنند این فرصت را دارند تا با جدیدترین تحولات سال‌های اخیر در زمینه نقد ادبی آشنا شده و به مهارت‌های نگارش انتقادی که نه فقط برای مطالعات دیگرشان که برای شغل‌های آینده‌شان نیز مفید است، مجهز گردند.  

کاربرد این رشته نیز مشخص است زیرا فرد با یادگیری زبان هایی غیر از زبان مادری دری را به روی خود می گشاید که این در همانا ارتباط با دنیایی دیگر است.

همچنین تحصیل در رشته ادبیات انگلیسی قابلیت‌ها و توانایی ما را برای دبیری زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی فراهم می‌كند. تحصیلات دانشگاهی رشته زبان انگلیسی اگر همراه با تلاش و پیگیری‌های مستمر دانشجو صورت پذیرد و دانشجو در طول تحصیل خود همت خود را به صورت کامل بر مطالعه آثار خارجی قرار دهد، امکان فعالیت در بخش‌های تخصصی‌تر مثل آموزش شعر، رمان و نمایش‌نامه انگلیسی را برای دانشجوی این رشته فراهم می‌كند.

گرایشها

این رشته شامل دو گرایش ادبیات و مترجمی زبان است که در زیر شرح داده شده است:

رشته زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی

در رشته زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی طی سه ترم، دروس پایه كه شامل خواندن، نگارش و مكالمه است، آموزش داده می شود تا دانشجو با مسائل اساسی زبان آشنا گشته و آماده مطالعه دروس تخصصی خود گردد. كه دروسی شامل ادبیات انگلیسی (درآمدی بر ادبیات، فنون و صناعات ادبی، تاریخ ادبیات، شعر، رمان و نمایشنامه انگلیسی)، ترجمه (ترجمه متون ساده و ادبی)، زبان شناسی و روش تدریس و آزمون سازی می شود.

دروس رشته زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی به چهار بخش اصلی انگلیسی عمومی، زبان شناسی، روش تدریس و ادبیات تقسیم می شود كه در بخش انگلیسی عمومی بر روی دستور زبان، دامنه لغت و روش های خواندن كار می‌شود تا دانشجو بتواند برای خواندن هر متنی تبحر لازم را پیدا كند.

زبان انگلیسی

در بخش زبان شناسی نیز اصول آواشناسی و ساختارهای زبانی و چگونگی شكل گیری آنها آموزش داده می شود و در نتیجه دانشجو نسبت به ساختار زبان حساس تر شده و تشخیص می دهد زبانی كه صحبت می كند دارای چه ریشه ها و پایه هایی است و این باعث بالا رفتن دقت فكری او می شود.

دروس مربوط به روش تدریس و آزمون سازی نیز به دانشجویان روش ای نوین تدریس زبان انگلیسی را می آموزد و بالاخره دروس بخش ادبیات، اطلاعات دانشجویان را نسبت به فرهنگ انگلیسی زبانان وسعت می بخشد چرا كه بخش اصلی فرهنگ یك ملت در ادبیات آن منعكس می شود و در نتیجه وقتی با ادبیات قومی آشنا شویم، با فرهنگ آن قوم آشنا خواهیم شد. در ضمن دانشجویان این گرایش در 8 واحد با ترجمه ساده و ادبی متون زبان انگلیسی آشنا می شوند.

برخلاف تصور عامه مردم، ما در دانشگاه با الفبای زبان انگلیسی آشنا نمی شویم بلكه دانشجوی این رشته پیش از ورود به دانشگاه باید هم انگلیسی بفهمد و هم به این زبان سخن بگوید. و سپس در اینجا با سیر ادبیات انگلیسی و یا نقد ادبی كه از افلاطون شروع می شود تا دوره معاصر ادامه می یابد، آشنا شود. یعنی ما در اینجا از زبان انگلیسی به عنوان ابزاری برای یاد گرفتن ادبیات انگلیسی استفاده می كنیم.

رشته مترجمی زبان انگلیسی

در گذشته شعار اصلی دانشگاه و دانشگاهیان این بود كه: "علم قدرت است." اما اكنون به این نتیجه رسیدند كه: "ترجمه قدرت است."

با كمی دقت می توان به حقیقت این سخن كه چندی پیش در سمینار یكی از دانشگاههای انگلستان مطرح گردید، پی برد. چرا كه هر كشوری برای ارتباط سیاسی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، علمی، فرهنگی و حتی مذهبی با كشورهای دیگر نیاز به مترجمانی قدرتمند و متبحر دارد. و این مساله در ارتباط با زبان انگلیسی اهمیت بیشتری پیدا می كند چون انگلیسی زبان مادری حداقل 12 یا 13 كشور جهان است و به عنوان یك زبان بین المللی شناخته شده است.

دروس رشته مترجمی زبان انگلیسی به سه بخش دروس عمومی، تخصصی پایه و تخصصی اصلی تقسیم می شود كه دروس عمومی و تخصصی پایه بین دو رشته زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی و مترجمی زبان انگلیسی مشترك است و دروس تخصصی اصلی مجزا می باشد. یعنی دانشجویان رشته مترجمی در این بخش، انواع دروس ترجمه مثل ترجمه انفرادی، ترجمه پیشرفته، ترجمه متون ادبی و اصول و روش ترجمه را می گذرانند و دانشجویان زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی شعر، ادبیات نمایشی، رمان و تاریخ ادبیات انگلیسی را مطالعه می كنند.

زبان انگلیسی

در ضمن لازم است گفته شود كه حتی در بخش دروس تخصصی اصلی نیز واحدهای مشتركی بین دو رشته وجود دارد كه از جمله می توان به زبان شناسی اشاره كرد.

در ترم های اول این رشته، چارچوب اولیه ترجمه و تفاوت زبان ها به دانشجویان آموزش داده می شود و تئوری ترجمه به ساده ترین وجه مطرح می گردد. در ترم های آخر نیز انواع تئوری های ترجمه مطرح شده و یك نگرش نظری كلی در مورد ترجمه به دانشجویان داده می شود و همچنین دانشجویان به مرور ترجمه جملات كوتاه و بلند و سپس جملات پیچیده و مركب و یا بندهای طولانی و بالاخره ترجمه متون ادبی و یا متونی كه دارای محتوای سنگینی هستند می پردازند. در ضمن دانشجویان این رشته با مطالعه درس زبان شناسی، ساختار زبان انگلیسی را به جای یاد گرفتن، لمس می كنند. و به همین دلیل سریع تر و مطلوب تر از زبانی به زبان دیگر گذر كرده و قادر به ترجمه كتبی یا شفاهی زبان می گردند.

زبان انگلیسی در ایران

رشته مترجمی یکی از رشته‌های نوپای دانشگاه‌های ایران است که در آن کار ترجمه از فارسی به زبان‌های مختلف مانند انگلیسی، فرانسه، آلمانی و بلعکس به دانشجویان آموخته می‌شود. در میان این زبان‌ها، مترجمی زیان انگلیسی رایج تر از بقیه می‌باشد.

این رشته در ایران در سطح کارشناسی در دانشگاه‌ها و موسسات متعددی وجود دارد، ولی در مقطع کارشناسی ارشد فقط در دانشگاه‌های علامه طباطبایی تهران، اصفهان، مشهد و دانشگاه آزاد تهران و دانشگاه آزادبندر عباس ,علوم تحقیقات تهران و علوم تحقیقات فارس تدریس می‌شود. مقطع دکترای این رشته در حال حاضر در ایران وجود ندارد. از نظر موقعیت شغلی این رشته آنچنان که باید وشاید جای خود را در جامعه باز نکرده‌است.

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